A bank teller counts 10,000 yen. Photograph: Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP/Getty Images
Finance ministers from the G7 will hold an informal meeting in Washington this week to discuss growing concerns that the world is in the grip of an "international currency war" as government's manipulate their
currencies to bolster exports.
The meeting on Friday, on the sidelines of the annual International Monetary Fund gathering, comes amid rising tensions between the western industrialised nations and
China, whose prime minister, Wen Jiabao, is on a charm offensive in Europe this week.
In separate moves designed to weaken currencies, the Bank of
Japan reinstated its zero interest rate policy and pledged to buy ¥5tn ($60bn) of assets, while Brazil doubled a tax on foreign investors buying local bonds to put a lid on a recent rally in its currency, the real. It was Brazil's finance minister, Guido Mantega, who coined the "international currency war" phrase last week, following a series of interventions by central banks in Japan, South Korea, Switzerland and Taiwan to make their currencies cheaper.
The concerns about currency manipulation have been heightened by the global recession, with many countries, including Britain, seeing a growth in exports as the means to recovery. A weaker currency means a country's exports become more competitive.
The Bank of Japan set its interest rate target to a range of zero to 0.1%, returning to zero rates for the first time in more than four years and underlining worries about the Japanese economy, which is beset by falling prices. Japanese officials intervened in the currency markets last month to weaken the yen, but the impact was only short-lived. "The pace of recovery is slowing down partly due to the slowdown in overseas economies and the effects of the yen's appreciation," the bank said.
Before the
IMF meeting, the Institute of International Finance, an industry group representing some of the world's largest banks, urged action. In a letter to the IMF, Charles Dallara, the banking lobby's managing director, called today for greater co-operation. "Urgent action is needed to arrest the disturbing trend towards unilateral moves on macroeconomic, trade and currency issues," he said.
Much of the focus remains on China, which has built its economy on exports and keeps its currency artificially low. Manufacturing figures at the end of last week told a clear story of the divergent economies in the developed world and emerging markets. Factory output in Britain, the US, Spain, Ireland and Greece all fell back sharply during September, while in China, manufacturing output rebounded more quickly than economists had been expecting.
The 16 nations in the eurozone again urged China to allow its currency to appreciate , complaining that Beijing's insistence on keeping the yuan weak was hampering global growth by creating trade deficits in the US and Europe. At a meeting in Brussels, Jean-Claude Juncker, head of the eurozone; the EU monetary affairs commissioner, Olli Rehn, and the
European Central Bank president, Jean-Claude Trichet, told Wen that the yuan remained "undervalued". Juncker said: "Given China's important role, we do think that a significant and broad-based appreciation [of the yuan would] promote a more balanced growth to the benefit of both China and the
global economy."
Following the Europe-Asia summit, Juncker said the discussions had been "open, frank, but nevertheless friendly" and added that both sides agreed a currency war would be "destructive". But he said the plea for movement on the yuan had been rebuffed by China, which argues that it needs rapid growth in its economy to pull hundreds of millions of people out of poverty. Wen, in return, said the rapidly growing economies of Asia should be granted more power within global institutions and that Europe should give up some of its seats at the IMF.
In Athens at the weekend, Wen attempted to smooth over relations between China and the west by offering support for the euro and suggesting that China would participate in auctions of indebted nations' government bonds, including Greece, as they seek to refinance their struggling economies.
Tensions between Beijing and Washington have been mounting on the currency issue, and Congress has approved legislation enabling the US to impose trade sanctions on China and other nations that manipulate currencies to win competitive advantage. China is also under pressure to stimulate its domestic economy in order to build a market for exports from other nations.
Newscribe : get free news in real time